D11.6: Survey on Mobile Identity

The deliverable in hand provides the results of an explorative survey on the
control model for identity related data in location-based services (LBS)
presented in FIDIS deliverable D11.2.
The survey was performed to explore the influence of LBS characteristics (pull
vs. push based, indirect vs. direct profile creation) on the perceived amount of
control participants have about the disclosure of their identity.
Four scenarios, each reflected a different aspect of the control model, have been
designed and tested.

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The legal framework for LBS in Europe
QUALITY OF LOCATION DATA

Quality of location data

Since theses technologies differ a lot in the way they work and in their positioning accuracy, and give a brief overview of these characteristics. Furthermore, some of the limitations and possibilities to disturb or manipulate positioning technologies are presented (see ).

Technology	Accuracy	Note
Satellite-based positioning systems: GPS, Galileo	>1m-15m	The accuracy of satellite-based systems depends on the service/technology being used. GPS is mostly used outdoors since the signals are generally too weak to be received inside buildings. Satellite signals can be jammed or the accuracy can be altered by the government in case of a military emergency. Examples of systems in use: A-GPS, GPS.
Cell-based mobile Communication Networks: UMTS (3G), GSM (2G)	25m – 30km	Most mobile network-based positioning technologies only offer a limited accuracy with regard to the positioning of the mobile device. The accuracy depends on the size of the communication cell, the mobile device resides in. In city centres, the diameter of a cell can be approximately 300 metres, in rural areas much larger cells (diameter up to approximately 30 km) exist. Additional technologies, for example using triangulation, allow more accurate positioning. Examples of systems in use: E-OTD, Cell-ID.
Other wireless Technologies: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), WiFi, Bluetooth	<1m – 50m	Theses technologies use a similar approach as cell-based systems to determine the position of an entity. Several “base stations” are needed to perform the triangulation. However, the accuracy heavily depends on the technology and the amount of “base station” being present in the observed area  mostly these technologies are used indoors.
Sensor-based Systems: Optical sensors (infrared-based), biometrics (face recognition)	Close proximity: >10cm – several metres	Sensor-based systems resemble a conglomeration of different location technologies. Their accuracy and precision depends on the technology being used – also, the technologies themselves differ a lot in the way that they work (e.g. optical systems vs. wireless systems).
Hybrid Systems	N/A	These technologies include systems that use combinations of different positioning technologies to offer a higher positioning precision. Example: Assisted GPS (A-GPS), combining GPS technology with external sensors (e.g. tachymeter) or cell-based positioning technologies (mobile phones, etc.).
Automated Teller Machines (ATM)	Direct contact with a ATM terminal	A positioning is not possible on a continuous basis. However, the position of its user can be determined by the position of the terminal being used to access the card’s information.

Table : Positioning Technologies used for Location Based Services (LBS)

Figure : Location Technologies used in Cell-based communication Networks (in GSM: A-GPS, GPS, E-OTD, Cell-ID) and their Accuracy

Moreover, location information typically is generated in location systems, which typically consist of two or three types of components:

One or more devices sending location information to sensors – in the case where sensors do not operate optically.
Sensors to receive and transfer location and time information to static or mobile backend systems.
Backend systems interpreting and / or using location information.

Component one and two can be combined, for example in case of optical sensors such as video surveillance cameras, face recognition systems, or license plate scanners.

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